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Class 12 · Chapter 9

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (NCERT Class 12, Chapter 9) explained by a physics teacher: reflection by spherical mirrors, refraction, total internal reflection, lenses and lens maker's formula. Notes with free PDF, mind map, solved numericals with shortcuts, common mistakes and PYQs for CBSE, NEET and JEE.

Key topics
  • reflection by spherical mirrors
  • refraction
  • total internal reflection
  • lenses and lens maker's formula
  • prism
  • microscope and telescope
This chapter is being written. Here is what it will have. Meanwhile, open a chapter that is ready below.

  1. Understand

    Concept explainers and derivations: the idea, the steps, the formulas.

    Coming soon

  2. Notes and mind map

    Chapter notes with a free PDF, and a one-page mind map.

    Coming soon

  3. Practise

    Solved numericals with hints, methods and shortcuts.

    Coming soon

  4. Avoid mistakes

    The errors that cost marks every year, and the fix.

    Coming soon

  5. Exam focus

    Past-year questions and how to write full-mark answers.

    Coming soon

  6. Practical

    Experiments, readings, graphs and viva questions.

    Coming soon

  7. Test yourself

    A timed chapter test on the exam screen, with a report and solutions.

    Coming soon

All Class 12 chapters

  1. 01Electric Charges and FieldsComing soon
  2. 02Electrostatic Potential and CapacitanceComing soon
  3. 03Current ElectricityComing soon
  4. 04Moving Charges and MagnetismComing soon
  5. 05Magnetism and MatterComing soon
  6. 06Electromagnetic InductionComing soon
  7. 07Alternating CurrentComing soon
  8. 08Electromagnetic WavesComing soon
  9. 09Ray Optics and Optical InstrumentsComing soon
  10. 10Wave OpticsComing soon
  11. 11Dual Nature of Radiation and MatterComing soon
  12. 12AtomsComing soon
  13. 13NucleiComing soon
  14. 14Semiconductor ElectronicsComing soon